As wireless charging becomes increasingly widespread in mobile phones and TWS Bluetooth earphones, wireless charging technology is now accelerating its extension into various other types of terminal devices. To help relevant manufacturers obtain recognition in the EU and North American markets within a relatively short period of time, this article provides a brief analysis of the market access requirements for wireless charging devices in the European Union and the United States, namely the requirements relating to CE certification and FCC certification.
At present, there are four basic types of wireless charging: electromagnetic induction, magnetic resonance, electric field coupling and radio wave. Their relevant technical characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Classification and Technical Characteristics of Wireless Charging Technologies
|
Item |
Electromagnetic Induction |
Magnetic Resonance |
Electric Field Coupling |
Radio Wave |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transmission power | ~10 W level | ~1 kW level | ~10 W level | ~1 W level |
| Transmission distance | Several mm to several cm | Several cm to several m | Several mm to several cm | More than 10 m |
| Operating frequency band | 10 kHz – 1 MHz | 1 MHz – 100 MHz | 100 kHz – 10 MHz | Medium wave – microwave |
| Charging efficiency | 70% – 90% | 40% – 60% | 60% – 90% | Very low |
| Advantages | Short-distance charging with high efficiency | Long-distance, high-power charging | Short-distance charging with high efficiency; position need not be fixed | Suitable for long-distance, low-power charging |
| Disadvantages | Requires precise positioning; heat generation | Low conversion efficiency; electromagnetic exposure must be considered | Large size; low power | Very low efficiency and power; long charging time |
Under FCC regulations, a wireless charging device operating at frequencies above 9 kHz is considered an intentional radiator. Depending on its wireless technology and functions, it must comply with the relevant requirements of FCC Part 15 or Part 18, as detailed in Table 2.
Table 2 Classification and Requirements for Wireless Charging Devices
|
Category of Wireless Charging Device |
FCC Part 15 |
FCC Part 18 |
|---|---|---|
| Energy transfer only, no data communication | Not applicable | Applicable |
| Power transfer and data communication in the same frequency band | Applicable | Not applicable |
| Energy transfer and data communication using frequencies in different bands | Applicable | Applicable |
In addition, wireless charging devices must also comply with the electromagnetic exposure requirements of KDB 680106 D01 in order to obtain FCC authorization. The details are as follows:
1. Wireless charging devices subject to Part 15
An "Equipment Compliance Review" (ECR) and an inquiry regarding the minimum RF exposure compliance test distance must be submitted to the FCC to ensure that the assessment method is compliant; compliance is assessed primarily on the basis of electromagnetic field measurement results. For mobile devices used away from the human body, the general test distance is 20 cm; for portable devices, the general test distance is 5 mm or 0 mm.
2. Wireless charging devices subject to Part 18
Authorization for wireless charging devices may be obtained either through a Supplier's Declaration of Conformity (SDoC) or through certification. For devices authorized under SDoC, the responsible party must retain a copy of the test report, demonstrate compliance in accordance with KDB 865664 D02, and provide it to the FCC upon request. For devices authorized through certification, the application must include an RF exposure assessment and comply with the requirements of KDB 447498.
Except for wireless charging devices that meet the six requirements set out in Section 1.2 of KDB 680106 D01v04 (see Table 2), which may obtain authorization directly without going through the FCC, all other cases — whether authorized under SDoC or certification — require the FCC's approval (manufacturers should use the KDB inquiry process to obtain the FCC's approval); otherwise, the authorization will be deemed invalid.
Table 2 The Six Requirements Set Out in Section 1.2 of KDB 680106 D01v04
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